Figure 3.5 ( Myers et al 2002) illustrates considerable differences between different levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and specifically CHD mortality. Figure 3.4 ( Farrell et al 1998) illustrates the clear strength of cardiorespiratory fitness as an independent risk factor, compared with other cardiac disease risk factors.
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Perhaps it is due in part to the relative ease of accurately measuring fitness, compared to measuring physical activity, that increased fitness has been shown to have a statistically stronger and more beneficial association with reductions in CHD morbidity and mortality ( Williams 2001). The accuracy in measuring daily physical activity and daily energy expenditure is problematic ( Tudor-Locke & Myers 2001), whereas measuring cardiorespiratory fitness can be done using a single test and is thus relatively easy. However, the debate continues on how much of the benefit is related to increased weekly energy expenditure with or without corresponding increases in cardiorespiratory fitness. It has been highlighted in the previous section that increased physical activity is beneficial in preventing CHD and CHD-related mortality. John P Buckley, Patrick J Doherty, in Exercise Physiology in Special Populations, 2008 Aerobic endurance exercise for preventing CHDĬardiorespiratory fitness is mainly increased by aerobic endurance exercise but in some less fit or diseased populations a small benefit can be achieved by muscular strength exercise ( ACSM 2006b, Pollock et al 2000). Ortega and colleagues also found that CRF appears to modify the relationship between objectively measured physical activity and abdominal obesity, and that the time devoted to intense activity is likely to be a key factor associated with abdominal obesity in children and adolescents with low fitness. A long-term study of children aged 6–12 years showed that the risk of continuation of abdominal obesity after 2 years was highest among those who had a high WC (1.9-fold) and low CRF (4.3-fold) at baseline. CRF explained 9–26% of the variance of WC in children and adolescents of all ages. A similar relationship between CRF and WC in children and adolescents has been shown in many other studies, although some were no longer statistically significant after adjusting for the amount of fat. In 8-year-olds within the same BMI category, children with high CRF (assessed using a maximal multistage 20-m shuttle run test), had a significantly lower WC ( P = 0.001) and a lower fat percentage in the abdominal region, as measured by DEXA ( P < 0.001), compared to children with low CRF. Similar results were obtained in a study of white and black young people aged 8–17 years ( r = −0.43 and r = −0.68, respectively). In another study, however, CRF was observed to negatively correlate with VAT in 13-year-old girls ( r = −0.45) and boys ( r = −0.43).
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The earliest study on the subject reported CRF to show a significant correlation only with the amount of total abdominal adipose tissue and SAT, but not with VAT. Of particular importance are the results of studies that made direct measurements of VAT. Therefore, relationships observed between indicators of abdominal obesity and CRF may indirectly prove a relationship between physical activity and abdominal obesity. Edyta Suliga, in Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Abdominal Obesity, 2014 Cardiorespiratory FitnessĪlthough cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is determined by a number of nonmodifiable factors, such as gender, age, and genetic factors, it has also been considered in recent years an objective indicator of physical activity and used to assess the relationship between physical activity and health status.